Eating is clearly more than just about getting the right nutrition, writes Kate Flinders.
Eating good food promotes overall health and well-being, but what you eat may also affect how you feel. Research suggests not only can the food you eat affect your mood, but your mood may influence the foods you choose to consume.
Enjoying a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, wholegrain cereals, legumes, low-fat dairy, lean meat and oily fish, for instance, is associated with reductions in mood swings, depression and anxiety.
And the opposite holds for a diet based on foods high in refined sugar (think lollies), one that combines high levels of sugar and fat (cakes, for instance, or pastries), or involves high intakes of caffeine or alcohol.
Highs and lows
Basically, the nutrients found in healthy foods appear to work together to cause the brain to produce the ''feel-good hormone'' serotonin, which is associated with improved mood and feelings of relaxation.
And eating foods that maintain a steady blood-sugar level within the appropriate range, such as wholegrain cereals, helps to stabilise mood.
But how does your mood affect the foods you select?
Results of research on the connection between food selection and poor mood are reasonably consistent: people in a negative frame of mind are more likely to choose sugary, fatty or salty (indulgence or comfort) foods rather than nutritious ones.
Indulgence foods may boost energy and improve mood in the short term but these positive effects are usually fleeting.
For some people, such effects can often be followed by guilt (because we know those foods are not good for us) and a consequent drop in mood. This can trigger more bad eating and set up a vicious circle.
Better ways of overcoming negative thoughts include exercising, which has been shown to improve mood by reducing anxiety and stress, or doing fun things such as watching a film, listening to music or visiting friends.
Such activities not only enhance mood, but also assist with controlling indulgence-food intake.
The right frame of mind
The connection between food selection and positive mood (if there is one) is still unclear.
Research suggests people in a good mood are more likely to prefer nutritious foods that are low in sugar, salt, and fat, and to focus on the long-term benefits of these healthy foods. But other studies point to the potential for people in a good mood to consume comfort foods, or overeat.
There is also evidence suggesting some people in a positive mood are more likely to choose healthy foods if they feel their good mood is going to last.
If not, they may be more likely to choose indulgence foods to sustain positive feelings.
Other research indicates that regardless of mood, long-term, future-focused thinking can lead to healthier food choices. And there is evidence for gender differences in the effects of mood on consumption of comfort foods.
One study found women are more likely to eat indulgence foods when they are feeling depressed, lonely or guilty. Men are more likely to turn to soups, pasta and steaks as a reward when they are feeling upbeat.
In the driver's seat
Clearly, these relationships are complicated but which is likely to be the stronger driver, mood or food?
In other words, does the consumption of particular foods lead to mood changes, or is our mood generally the predominant factor in determining the food we choose to eat?
Research suggests the foods we consume may be of paramount importance and that what is eaten today may affect mood a couple of days later.
This association was stronger for negative moods, so consumption of excessive energy (kilojoules), saturated fat and sodium was associated with a worse mood two days later.
The association between eating fruits and vegetables one day and being in a positive mood the next day was stronger for men, but mood was lifted in both men and women after they ate vegetables.
What, then, can we conclude from the current evidence about the relationship between food and mood?
Well, research has highlighted some interesting (and complex!) relationships that we are only now starting to tease out.
What we can say with confidence is that eating a well-balanced diet may confer not only physical health benefits, but also better mental health through improved mood.
- theconversation.com
Kate Flinders is a defence scientist (nutrition) at Defence Science and Technology Organisation.