New Zealand spied on Japan and passed information to the United States during an international whaling meeting, according to a newly published paper.
The Intercept website has published National Security Agency (NSA) documents obtained from the whistleblower Edward Snowden.
One outlines how New Zealand's Government Communications and Security Bureau (GCSB) collected information on Japan's lobbying for whaling.
That was then shared with an NSA agent before an International Whaling Commission meeting in Anchorage, Alaska in 2007, the document states.
The 77-member commission voted on a number of whale conservation measures and Japan was lobbying other countries for votes supporting pro-whaling proposals.
"New Zealand had the target access, and collected and provided insightful SIGINT [signals intelligence] that laid out the lobbying efforts of the Japanese and the response of countries whose votes were so coveted. US officials were anxious to receive the latest information," the document states.
An NSA operative would take a 30-minute taxi to the agency's local operation centre, where hard copies of the GCSB intelligence would be collected. US, Australian and New Zealand officials then viewed the intelligence in a conference room.
"We knew the delegates valued the material simply because they took time from their very hectic schedules to be there and read it," the NSA document states. "Was the outcome worth the effort? The Australian, New Zealand and American delegates would all say, 'yes'. I believe the whales would concur."
The GCSB has been contacted for comment. Former Prime Minister Sir Geoffrey Palmer, who was New Zealand's Commissioner to the IWC at the time of the 2007 meeting, denied any knowledge of the events alleged in the document when contacted by Radio New Zealand.
In an article after the 2007 meeting, Greenpeace hailed it as a "spectacular comeback" for anti-whaling countries, noting that Japan had in the preceding year gathered enough support to pass a resolution calling the whaling moratorium invalid, but this was no longer the case after a few of Japan's supporters switched sides.
This week, a Five Eyes intelligence conference is taking place at Millbrook Resort near Arrowtown.
Among the people attending are Federal Bureau of Investigation director James Comey and Central Intelligence Agency director Mike Pompeo.
It is understood about 15 agencies that carry out intelligence for Five Eyes - the spying partnership of the United States, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and New Zealand - are attending the conference.
Minister for the Government Communications and Security Bureau (GCSB) and Security Intelligence Service (SIS) Chris Finlayson's is expected to attend.
