Boys are more likely to play up at school, but it's more social than biological, writes Amanda Keddie.
While research generally agrees that boys are more likely to be disengaged with school than girls, there is far less agreement as to why.
Many of the studies on boys and school disengagement look at the social expectations of how boys ought to be.
Expectations that boys will be disruptive, defy school rules and collect more detention slips than girls, engage in rough-and-tumble play, be homophobic and sexually harass girls are rife in schools, homes and the broader community.
These common expectations of being a boy reproduce these behaviours and tend to be informed by the cherished notion that ''boys will be boys''.
Boys are often expected to be ''challenging'' and to misbehave. We still regard much of this behaviour with affectionate tolerance - as research conducted nearly 30 years ago by Adams and Walkerdine into teachers' perceptions of boys' misbehaviours suggested:''The high-spirited child is traditionally regarded with affectionate tolerance. Boys will be boys. A boy who never gets up to mischief, it is suggested, is not a proper boy.''
With the current limited range of gender messages about ideal masculinity, there's little wonder we see heightened levels of school disengagement in boys. Most research exploring this area of gender and schooling would agree that boys exhibit more overtly disengaged behaviour than girls.
However, there's also research that highlights that girls are just as disengaged as boys.
Martino and Pallotta-Chiarolli's study in their book Being Normal is the only way to be found girls expressed similar negative views to boys in terms of their resistance to school (especially in relation to authority) but that expectations associated with girls and traditional femininity meant they were less obvious about expressing it.
The point is how such disengagement is understood and addressed, particularly given the perpetuated stereotypes of boys and girls that inform how we see and address this issue.
If we continue to hold to the view that boys will be boys and continue to affectionately tolerate boys' challenging or violent behaviours and value them for their physical strength, social dominance and risk-taking, then we will continue to see anti-school and anti-authority behaviours.
If we continue to toughen up boys, tell them not to be like girls and administer discipline through authoritarian and punitive measures, we will continue to see these behaviours, because being studious, quiet and conforming at school tend to be seen as feminine traits.
Rather than asking questions like ''do boys dislike school more than girls?'' we should be continuing to explore the broader issue of why so many pupils, both boys and girls, experience school disengagement.
An abundance of excellent research highlights how schools and teachers are engaging pupils in meaningful, relevant and intellectually stimulating ways within environments that are socially supportive and inclusive.
In these classrooms, pupils are too interested in learning to be disengaged. Teachers are focused on teaching rather than managing and controlling.
Creating these environments is an increasingly difficult task for schools and teachers in the current climate where a school's effectiveness has been reduced to its performance on external measures.
Such measures and their punitive consequences have forced schools to narrow their curriculum and degrade their teaching to a back-to-basics non-creative approach.
Creating these environments is also ever more difficult, given increasing social inequality.
Teacher quality is currently seen as the most important factor in lifting educational outcomes.
While teacher quality is important, as much research has told us for many years, the most significant variable impacting on levels of school engagement and attainment is pupils' backgrounds - what they bring with them to school.
No amount of quality teaching will ameliorate the broader structural inequalities of poverty, for example.
Wider economic reform is crucial in supporting our teachers and schools to engage all pupils but especially underprivileged pupils, who tend to be the most disengaged.
If we're going to address these issues we need to challenge the limited gender messages that contribute to the higher levels of disengagement we see in our boys and we must better support teachers and schools to create engaging learning environments. - theconversation.com
Amanda Keddie is Australian Research Council Future Fellow, School Of Education at the University of Queensland
