The flamboyant South African-born right-hander, who hit a career-best 355 not out for Surrey at The Oval on Tuesday (local time), has said the snub has left him "absolutely devastated".
His former captain Strauss, the England and Wales Cricket Board's new director of cricket, said there was a "massive distrust" between them but Pietersen had not been banned.
The Guardian's front page was dominated by a huge photograph of the maverick batsman under the headline "Kevin Pietersen 355 not out. Except he is."
The Sun's back page had the headline "Traitors" with a double page spread headlined "Retired .. Hurt" while the Daily Mirror back page screamed "Betrayal", highlighting Pietersen's remarks "They say they don't trust me, but how can anyone trust them?"
The incident has also dominated social media discussions.
"Anyone else struggling to explain to their nine-year-old that Pietersen isn't allowed to play for England?" tweeted former England captain Michael Vaughan.
Another former captain Nasser Hussain said: "The ECB have shot themselves in the foot again. After the appalling way Peter Moores' sacking (as coach) was handled, they need to get their act together."
Former South Africa captain Graeme Smith also joined the debate and tweeted "I see the head boy (Strauss) is making English cricket a laughing stock again."
Somerset all-rounder Peter Trego said: "Has "trust" ever won a game of cricket ? I thought it was runs and wickets. Is there a new World Cup of trust England are hoping to win."
The fallout went beyond cricket, with former England football skipper Gary Lineker saying "Strauss's decision seems extraordinarily petty. I have never been in a dressing room where I have liked or even respected everyone. You deal with it."
Broadcaster Piers Morgan, a friend of Pietersen's, added: "Trust? Trust? I wouldn't trust Andrew Strauss to run a bath let alone English cricket."
ABSOLUTELY DEVASTATED
In his column Pietersen, 34, wrote: "I am absolutely devastated that it looks like my hopes of an England recall have been brought to a close, especially given everything that has been said and asked of me."
Pietersen had been due to take up a contract with Sunrisers Hyderabad in the Indian Premier League, but he sustained an injury in the Surrey v Leicestershire match and will be out of action for two weeks. The IPL concludes on May 24.
Strauss, who fired England coach Peter Moores on Saturday to raise Pietersen's hopes of a return to the team, explained his thinking at a news conference at Lord's on Tuesday.
"The truth about Kevin is that he is a phenomenal cricketer. But over months and years trust has eroded between Kevin Pietersen and the ECB," Strauss said.
"There is a massive trust issue between me and Kevin."
